and then there were none :: essays research papers

Trust, Deceit, & Immorality in And Then There Were None, a mystery novel by Agatha Christie, discusses matters of trust, deceit, and immorality. These two words are present within each chapter, and they come to us in ways that do not meet the eye right away. They require a certain level of thought in order to be understood clearly. In which Agatha Christie hopes to bring out. Trust is a key element of life. We need to choose who we can confide and believe in. If the ten people on the island want to stay alive, they need to be aware of those who are truly loyal, but they need to choose wisely, for one out of the ten is a murderer. Everyone in the house has there suspicions. No matter what the circumstances are, they remain immutable about not trusting each other. Having no trust makes all of them a nervous wreck, making each of them more susceptible of being the next victim of murder. Having no trust only digs us a deeper hole to the inevitable, and when we trust the wrong person, the inevitable happens sooner than expected. Deceit, unfortunately, is also a part of life. Deceit inside And Then There Were None, however, is a part of death. Lombard and Vera face the facts when they appear to be the last ones alive on the island. Instead of being the nice man he seemed to be, he turned out to be a miscreant. Lombard fools a lot of people with his act of being paranoid of having the killer looking over his shoulder. It is his self that he needs to guard, and he is not doing a good job of that, because Vera kills him instead. Death comes about in many ways. Murder is one of them. This immorality is the basis of the whole entire book. One by one, each one of the ten people die by someone else’s immoral actions. Even at the end of the book when Vera shoots Lombard, she had committed a brutal crime. Yes, she was defending herself, but she still chooses to use her hands to take someone else’s life. Immorality plagues society today deeply. We have twisted morals so much that the may think the most wr ong action is OK. And Then There Were None is a book that applies lives ways in forms that come to us unconsciously.

Literary Analysis of Macbeth

Literary Analysis of Macbeth Having a lust for power can cause a loss in many things. It’s as if you’re in a win-lose situation. In this case, the play Macbeth written by Shakespeare has scholars sayings, â€Å"The lust for power by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth led to a loss of humanity. † With that said, I totally agree with their view. Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth went out of their way to even killing King Duncan and burdening the murder on his guardsmen. Even though that’s a common human act, you just don’t do something like that. It’s just so wrong. The acts of both these people are very evil and violent, in which causes Macbeth to move from one act of endangerment to another just to protect himself from a great disaster which I likely consider his death to be it. Lady Macbeth is like a tag along buddy. She is like a huge helping hand to Macbeth and ends up dying on her way to the top with him. Both of their desires for high royalty led themselves to death. So, as said lusting for power is very harmful to oneself unless done in a proper way; meaning without anyone getting hurt. The prophecies from the three witches which take place in the woods are what started Macbeth to lose his mind and soon after Lady Macbeth. With the encounter of the witches, they greeted Macbeth as, â€Å"Hail to thee; Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King here-after. † The title he has now is Thane of Glamis, but he doesn’t understand how he could have the title of Thane of Cawdor, when actually Macbeth only led King Duncan’s forces to victory, so considering that the Thane of Cawdor still lives, there’s no way he can get that title. Being called King here-after definitely got his head pumped up with adrenaline to seek more questions and answers. Soon after the witches vanish, the noblemen of Scotland; Ross and Angus were sent by King Duncan to tell Macbeth of the execution of the Thane of Cawdor and to grant Macbeth of the title. With that said, Macbeth was shocked that the prophecy had come true. So, after one prediction, he’s hoping for another-in which it is to become King of Scotland. With the visit to King Duncan, the King announces that his son Malcolm will be heir to the throne. In Macbeth’s mind, all he can think about is murdering the King and all that will come along with it. Macbeth sends a letter to his wife telling of all that has happened and to prepare for the King’s visit. In order to keep the murder in her mind she doesn’t want anything to get in her way, so she even goes to the point of seeking evil and not wanting to be a women-afraid of the feminine ways which will interfere in the murder. When Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, / And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ Of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood; (I v ll. 44-47) it shows how far Lady Macbeth is willing to go to make sure her husband and herself gets to the top. She even goes to the point to call upon the spirits to unsex her and fill her with cruelty to make sure that here feminine ways don’t cause the plan to go wrong. A huge act of lusting for power taking place which led to a loss of humanity was when the killing of King Duncan actually took place. The way he died was very unfortunate for Scotland but at least he died without torture. Lady Macbeth’s plan was to get King Duncan’s guardsmen drunk in which she did. That then led to an open path to walk in and carry out the murder of the King. However, a weakness rose for Lady Macbeth; the resemblance of her father was seen in the King and led her to backtrack. With the guardsmen drunk to a state of sleep, Macbeth then moves in for the kill. He takes the guardsmen sword, goes in and stabs King Duncan in his sleep. With that done, Lady Macbeth puts the sword back with the guardsmen, seeing that Macbeth has been cowardly traumatized of what he had done and cannot return the sword back to the King’s guardsmen. The aftermath soon takes place with Macduff soon getting suspicious of Macbeth. Another prophecy is put into Macbeth’s mind about when the witches say Banquo’s children will rule while Macbeth’s does not. Now, keep in mind that Banquo is like Macbeth’s best friend. But, do you think that will stop Macbeth from doing anything worse? No, he doesn’t care about Banquo, as a matter of fact not even anyone; now that he thinks he is unstoppable. Macbeth soon sends his people to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Banquo is dead, but Fleance manages to escape. With the plan to kill Banquo and Fleance in his mind, he does not say anything to his wife and so that leaves her on her own. When he tells his wife, â€Å"And with thy bloody and invisible hand/ Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond/ Which keeps my pale! †¦ Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill. / So prithee go with me. † (III ii ll. 53-55/60-61) he shows how bad he is really lusting to get to the top. He’ll even break that bond of good friendship with Banquo to get it. By ill-fated events, Macbeth means that things will be stronger in whatever takes place of those events. The turning point of this whole ordeal is when Macbeth should’ve drew the line when deciding that he would murder; slaughter Macduff’s family. He just went over the edge with this plan. In my opinion, Macbeth has just lost it. To go and murder someone’s family is as if your planning your own death. As Macduff has gone to England and Macbeth is getting suspicious of him, he seeks the killing of the family. You can guarantee retaliation is amongst Macduff when he finds out all this. Another shocking turn of events is when Macbeth learns of Lady Macbeth’s death. He had shown little emotion. His lust for power caused him to even care little of the suicidal murder of his Lady. Macbeth ends up dying in the most horrible way. During battle against Malcolm and Macduff’s troops, he ends up getting his head chopped off by Macduff. Macbeth died like a tyran he is. As you can see, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth had this great amount of lust, desire, want, and craving for power. They got everything, but as a result lives have been lost. While Lady Macbeth has her new title as queen, she slowly seems like she isn’t enjoying it, and the reason for that is due to the fact that her guilty conscience followed up on her little by little. She felt like what she did was wrong as in killing King Duncan and lying to everyone. She couldn’t even take it anymore that it caused her to lose her mind and commit suicide. Macbeth, in my opinion throughout this whole play sets him up to die from the start. It was like he wrote his own death. Both these two lost their mind completely, almost un-human like. Overall, as you can see, all the events of trying to gain power caused all these tragic events.

Affirmative Action Is A Moral And Just Purpose - 1279 Words

Affirmative Action was originally established by former President John F. Kennedy on March 6, 1961 in his executive order, which included a provision that mandated federally funded projects to take â€Å"affirmative action† to ensure that hiring and employment were free of racial bias (#4). Over the years, colleges and universities began to adopt similar policies in their admissions process (#2). The purpose of affirmative action is to provide an equal ground for women and people of color in the workforce and educational institutions (#4). There are many debates and myths about affirmative action, some of which will be unraveled later in this paper. This policy does not mean it benefits unqualified minorities, but rather highlights qualified and over-qualified minorities to be considered by otherwise predominantly white institutions (#4). Affirmative action is supposed to aid the nation in establishing equal opportunity for all. In my opinion, affirmative action has a moral an d just purpose and I will be using Martin Luther King Jr., Mill, and Foucault to support my argument. The battle for equality is an ongoing struggle for women and minorities all over the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential advocate for civil rights during a time in which minorities were arguably more oppressed than today (#1). He fought for racial equality and recognized that the United States had to work on their racial segregation policies and strive for cohesiveness (#1). The pushShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : African American And Hispanic870 Words   |  4 PagesRoberto Santiago’s essay Black and Latino reveals that even though he has been generally underrepresented by his ethnicity, he has led a successful life without affirmative action. Since Santiago was both African American and Hispanic he dealt with identity issues and stereotypes throughout his adolescent life. Even though affirmative action is supposed to make attempts to improve oppor tunities for groups that were historically excluded it is still a form of discrimination itself. The preference ofRead MoreIndividual Rights Vs. National Security868 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States. . The government would no longer protect the foundation upon with it was built, and such actions would illegitimatize the government. As reported by Susan Stanberg, political analyst for National Public Radio, Muslim communities throughout Florida have placed complains in the FBI s strategy in placing undercover agents in mosques to find our terrorists. This type of drastic action has also been taken up by new laws that grant police powers to search people travelling on public transportationRead More Affirmative Action Is the Wrong Action Essays1708 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action Is the Wrong Action The United States of America has long been a country divided by race. Hate has pervaded her existence since her conception, and now today’s society is forced to deal with those issues. Minorities have suffered at the hands of the white male majority for centuries as the social activities of the old war were brought to the new colonies, only to ferment and continue to affect the lives of all who lived within her borders. There is no doubting that thisRead MoreAffirmative Action: Equality for All? Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action: Equality for All? Affirmative action in the United States has become a misused and misguided practice in modern times. In the current form of affirmative action, it is impossible to create a truly equal society. It was originally used as an equal opportunity measure to allow qualified minorities into positions they were denied because of race. However, affirmative action has become a system of racial quotas that lowers standards for minority applicants in order to give themRead MoreAffirmative Action Is A Policy1013 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative action has been around for a very long time. Some people see it as moral compensation, some as reverse discrimination. But what exactly is affirmative action and what is its purpose? Affirmative action is a policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been subject to discrimination in the past. It is a set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination between applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimi nation, and prevent such discriminationRead MoreDiscrimination And Sexual Harassment And Affirmative Action1594 Words   |  7 Pagessome type of affirmative action policy. Affirmative actions are policies that are placed to engage in the improvement of underprivileged groups who either currently suffer or have historically suffered from discrimination and equality of opportunity. During our lecture, Dr. Kallfelz stated that affirmative action is a, â€Å"Proactive policy with primary immediate attempt to reform (and long term attempt to prevent and deter) socioeconomically discriminatory practices.† This implies that moral equals shouldRead MoreThe Case Of Inequality And John Rawls1369 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"veil of ignorance† which prevents people from knowing anything about their wealth, income, social status, racial identification, religious convictions, gender, ethnicity etc. In this state, Rawls says, the principles people would agree to would be just. Unde r these conditions, Rawls reasons, people would not choose utilitarianism- fearing they might be part of the minority. They would also not choose principles like libertarianism, feudalism. Rawls maintains that two principles will be chosen: basicRead MoreSamples Gold Ethical Model : Analysis Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing ethical issues, which are inclusive of trust and honesty between the firm, and its environs. A major problem that has been stated in this case study is about fairness. This problem on fairness has been raised by individuals and masses for affirmative action on in convincing ethics. The place from which this case has been based on is Gilbane, an imaginary town. The mud that comes from the sewage plant situated in the city for very many years has been used as fertilizers and the sales are made underRead MoreShould Disabled Veterans Get Preferential Treatment over Better Qualified Candidates Who Are Not Disabled977 Words   |  4 Pagesdisability, to the other candidate, who may be fresh out of college. What the world needs to remember is the fact that a veteran has already made a choice to defend his/her country. This, in turn, automatically places the veteran ahead of someone who just chose to go to college. It also depends on what the qualifications of the job consist of. Many veterans come with all sorts of experience. Although the college student may need to work in order to get experience, we can’t ignore the fact that veteransRead MoreIs Affirmative Action Ethical?4820 Words   |  20 PagesRunning Head: IS AFFIRMATION ACTION ETHICAL? Is Affirmation Action Ethical? Mehlia Adkins Baker College of Allen Park Cultural Diversity Seth Persky Is Affirmation Action Ethical? Introduction Nowadays, the confrontational subject of affirmative action is rising and becoming a controversial issue. This study will explore and analyze the controversy over an ethical affirmative action perspective, and examine the social policy behind this basic premise that every individual should receive

How the English Won the Boer War in South Africa Essay

How the English Won the Boer War in South Africa On October 11, 1899, the forces of the Boer republics, Orange Free State and South African Republic, responded to Great Britains dismissal of an ultimatum against the placement and reinforcing of British troops in South Africa by laying siege to cities in northern Cape Colony occupied by the then outnumbered British troops. The British were able to gain superiority and eventually win the Boer War by brute force, vastly superior numbers and the cessation of rights for those deemed the enemy and its collaborators. It would take three years and drastic changes in the gentlemanly art of war for Great Britain to achieve victory. Leading up to the end of the nineteenth century there†¦show more content†¦This action, the Boer leaders justly feared, was the build up of the military power necessary to conquer the Boer nations by force, and an ultimatum was issued on the 9th of October calling for the removal of all British troops from the republics borders within 48 hours or it wou ld be viewed as an act of war and dealt with accordingly. Ignoring the ultimatum, the British maintained their positions and at 17:00 on the 11th of October war was declared. The fighting for the next three years of the war was characterized by three distinct phases of battles and styles of warfare. In the first phase, from October of 1899 to February of 1900, there was obvious superiority in the Boer troops numbers and abilities. This was evident in the ease with which they corralled the British troops into the cities of Mafeking on the 13th of October, Kimberley on the 14th, and Ladysmith on the 1st of November. The Second phase, February to November of 1900 was marked by steady British advances into the Boer territories and the taking of all major cities including the capital, Pretoria. The third and final phase of the war, from November of 1900 until its end in May of 1902, was notable for the Boer tactical switch to small groups of men called commandos, and their guerilla style of warfare, and the British employment ofShow MoreRelatedApartheid : A System Of Racial Segregation1176 Words   |  5 Pagesracist political policy in South Africa demanding division of the country’s white and non-white populations for nearly 50 years. In 1652, a group of people from the Netherlands settled in South Africa. The Netherlands are also known as Holland, and the people who live there are Dutch. These settlers came to be known as Boers because Boer is the Dutch word for farmer. It was the domination and influence of the white South Africans over the Black South Africans. The white South African’s believed theRead MoreThe Effects of European Imperialism on South Africa Essay1847 Words   |  8 PagesThe county of South Africa is an economically flourishing country and probably the most advanced country on the continent of Africa. However the entire continent of Africa is probably the most undeveloped part of the world. Why is South Africa so differe nt from the rest of its continent? Karen Politis Virk explains that it is because of South Africa’s developed economy and diverse population (Virk 40). South Africa has three main ethnic groups: African, Afrikaners, and the mixed race. The AfrikanersRead MoreMohandas Gandhi Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesthat all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it--always.† (Manas). Gandhi was the most well-known spiritual and political leader during India’s independence movement. Born in India, Gandhi spent a large part of his life in South Africa. Taking part in civil-rights activities in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India where he took a major role in the oppositionRead MoreAfrican Colonialism And Its Effects On Africa1669 Words   |  7 Pagesinto, this happened to many places including Africa. Colonialism was a time when countries took control of another land, which they then governed through direct or indirect rule depending on the country. During this time, Africa was most sought after due to its resources and its uninhabited land. Due to this, all colonial powers scrambled to get their hands on a piece of Africa in order to expand their areas of rule. As a result of the scramble for Africa the Berlin Conference was held. At this conferenceRead More Historical Perspective of South Africa’s Culture4253 Words   |  18 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the country of South Africa. Through history background and detailed explanation of cultural aspects of the country, it will try to explain why South Africa is called the â€Å"Rainbow Nation† and why Apartheid was important. National and business influences are intertwined with cultural values and are a good example of how South Africa today is divided between its native embedded and espoused values, and th ose values that were inherited from BritishRead MoreRacism And Its Effects On African Americans1490 Words   |  6 PagesThat is exactly how measly people look when they feel panic and differentiate against other people for the tint of their leather. unluckily, in spite of dialectics and reason, color bar remains ancient of origin and continual in to our present days. The word slavery has been connected with the African people since the Laying vessel of the European mayflower in 1620 at the eastern shores of the united states. Slave traders has kidnapped and buy millions of black people from Africa. 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How to effective use visual communication design in the...

How to effective use visual communication design in the film Visual communication is to take diverse information and designs it for both print and screen based media, also from print like newspapers magazines, books and tickets to the screen like web interfaces, film titles to right through to environmental applications. Therefore, it need designer to creative thinking and an eye for detail. As an integral part of the culture, visual communication design is an exciting and growing industry where vision and creativity are involved in . It helps the designer show their creative skills in the mass media, internet , film and television and so on . Vision effects plays an important role in the sense of motion in most of the movie†¦show more content†¦During the interview, the director Ang Lee stated that we contribute to a cinematic story, also, its visual arts not just the vision effects. Moreover, combine with the visualization with the internal feelings, and pressures. To the realization of the film, they need 70 or 80 shot and took a long time to work on it. Back to the point of the visual communication design of the movie. Due to visual communication design is relays on the creativity to develop art, video so that the appearance of the movie or the products is to perform the communication ideas. Therefore, it should considered with social and environment realistic. In the life of Pie, the team produced a realistic environment, the water and Richard Parker. They re computer-generated, however, it took a long time to do it. In the interview, Ang Lee shows that the most important part is the water, in order to make it real for the audience to watch, every single part took a long time to do it. Then is the tiger which is not real in the movie but showed realistic to the audience who watched this movie. The difficulties to make the tiger real in the movie is that Indian government is prohibited to abuse the animal. But in the movie, Ang Lee showed that by observing and step by step to make the tiger real. From the a udience perspective, every scene from this movie is amazing and it is hard to believe how to made it. Therefore, it is hard and took a long time to deliver this movie.Show MoreRelated Learning Styles: Recognition and Accommodation Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pageslearning styles are derived from the main sense used for sensory input. Commonly, the three most pertinent and all-encompassing learning styles are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. If the learning styles can be properly identified and accommodated in both the face-to-face and online environments, the result will be greatly empowered people and more effective teams. Listening or speaking to facilitate the learning process characterizes the auditory learning style. It can be divided into two sub-categories:Read MoreEssay on Communications Theory2849 Words   |  12 PagesCommunications Theory Communications is that what binds the world. Even though it is easy to give a simple answer when asked what communications exactly is, it is difficult to explain it so that it is understood clearly. There is a lot you need to consider with it. There are different areas concerning communications and very diverse functions in this area. Through this research report we will have a glimpse in the world of communications and with it more knowledge and understanding aboutRead MoreHitler s Propaganda Meant For The Nazis And The Population Of Germany3246 Words   |  13 PagesThe central theme to this essay will be to answer the question â€Å"Discuss the roll that graphic design played in political/social change in a specific period†. This essay will look into what Hitler’s propaganda meant for the Nazis and the population of Germany. Propaganda is the dissemination of information to influence or control large groups of people. In totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany, propaganda plays a significant role in consolidating power in the hands of the controlling party. (ushmmRead MoreNarrative Text10129 Words   |  41 PagesConcept of Film 2.1.1 The Elements of Film 2.1.2 Types of Film 2.1.3 Advantages of Film in Teaching Writing 2.1.4 Film as Visual Aid in Teaching Writing 2.2 Importance of Writing 2.2.1 General Concept of Writing 2.2.2 Elements of Writing 2.2.3 Steps in Writing 2.2.4 Writing in the second language classroom 2.3 General concept of narrative text 2.3.1 Generic structure of narrative text 2.3.2 Rules of a narrative 2.3.3 Teaching writing of a narrative text III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design 3.2Read MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesmyths, etc†¦ - Papyrus paper was a major step forward in Egyptian visual communication. - The Egyptians were the first people to produce illustrated manuscripts in which words and pictures were combined to communicate information. - Eventually, Papyrus was used for funerary purposes. - The majestic Egyptian culture survived for over 3000 years. 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Invisible Man Free Essays

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man coveys the way African Americans behave when choosing between their natural self and what is expected of them as members of society. This conflict is a central throughout the novel. The white society desires the narrator to act in a certain way, sometimes against the wishes of the narrator’s conscience. We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ellison dramatizes this struggle by various types of rhetorical devices such as repetition, parallelism and a racist setting and placing. During the beginning of the novel, the narrator is invited to participate in a Battle Royal. The narrator is ignorant of the rules and his part of the event until the white men controlling the event blind fold the narrator and place him in a ring with several other fighters. The white spectators want entertainment at the expense of humiliating black students. The white spectators expect the narrator and the other students act in a certain way: to fight each other blindfolded. The narrator does not want to do this since he is intended to give a speech afterwards. Later, the narrator and the other fighters are tricked into scrambling on an electrifying rug to grab fake gold coins, all to the sheer amusement of the white crowd. For their own enjoyment, the white spectators want the students to cooperate even though the students are in pain. Ellison dramatizes this situation by creating another similar event that uncannily parallels this one. Much later in the novel, the narrator joins a Communist organization called the Brotherhood blindly thinking it was a organization against racism. After a few months, the narrator is accused by a member for desiring self-gain. At the hearing, the narrator stands in the middle of the meeting hall while all the white committee members are smiling inwardly, enjoying the mental pain and torture they are inflicting on the poor ignorant narrator. The narrator endures the pain and acts in the way that the white men want him to in both situations: the Battle Royal and the hearing. He could have left the Battle Royal or left the Brotherhood, but he does neither. This latter episode parallels the Battle Royal; in both events, the white spectators enjoy the narrator in misery. Ellison dramatizes this struggle by using parallelism. After the battle royal, the narrator gives a speech to significant white men of the community. This speech is a version of Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition. During the speech, the narrator uses the phrase â€Å"social equality,† and this phrase startles some of the listeners. The men laugh and make the narrator correct this phrase with more acceptable words of â€Å"social responsibility. The narrator succumbs to the spectators’ demands and rephrases his words. Ellison dramatizes this certain situation by having the narrator repeat the phrase â€Å"social responsibility† several times. Even though the narrator is the person giving the speech, the audience makes him change his diction – as if they control him. The white spectators clearly expect the African American narrato r to act in a certain way, as to not offend any white man. Ellison dramatizes this struggle of the narrator deciding whether or not to submit to the crowd’s wishes by the repetition of his phrases. Ellison uses every aspect of his novel to emphasize his intentions. The novel takes place in early 20th century in a racist-filled Eastern United States. The racism is evident throughout the novel: in the south where the narrator enrolls to college or in New York City. White men and women influence the black-only college in which the narrator initially resides. Mr. Bledsoe, the president of the college is constantly controlled by white benefactors. Mr. Blesoe even mentions that â€Å"we [African Americans] must give them what they want. † Mr. Bledsoe is compelled to expel the narrator, even though he is innocent because of bad reputation the narrator might cause to the university. African American men are even required to sit at the rear of buses. After his expulsion, the narrator decides to take a bus to New York City. The narrator is forced to proceed to the rear of the bus to sit beside the mental veteran even though it is strictly against his wishes. The struggle in the narrator’s mind is evident, whether or not to adhere to the rules white people expect African Americans to adhere. Ellison carefully describes the details of this racist setting and there fore enhances the struggle. Ellison uses various rhetorical devices throughout his novel. His meticulous placement of repetition, parallelism, and racial setting dramatizes the struggle of the narrator and other African Americans to choose between the dictates of their conscience and what is expected of them from white society. However, the narrator does not realize until the end when he is in a pitch black manhole that he should choose with the dictates of his conscience instead of doing what is expected by the White society. How to cite Invisible Man, Papers Invisible Man Free Essays Invisible Man A Union of Modernism and Naturalism The novel Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is one of the most significant representations of African American achievement in the arts to date. The story follows an unnamed young African American man’s journey through political and racial self-discovery as he tries to find an answer to his life defining question. The question is symbolically posed by the title of the Luis Armstrong song â€Å"What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue†. We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although most people would argue that Invisible Man is simply modernist, that is not the case. Invisible man is a piece of literature that embodies the themes and styles of many literary schools of thought woven together, the most dominant of them being Naturalism, and Modernism. Naturalism, like Modernism, was spawned from the idea of figuring things out for one’s self. In the naturalist works there is an emphasis on socio-economic brackets; a person’s height on the proverbial food chain of society. Naturalists are committed to documenting the surfaces of American life and to probing its concealed depths†¦ usually [focusing] on the desperate existence of characters† (Encyclopedia of American Literature) living in an urban slum trapped by: violence, the forces of heredity as they affect–and afflict–individual lives, and an indifferent deterministic universe. â€Å"Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison reflects naturalistic tendencies by placing the main protagonist in violent scenarios to better reveal to the reader the socio-economic standing of the unnamed main character. In the beginning of the novel the main character describes a time when he was walking the solemn streets of his Harlem slum when he was insulted by a White man after mistakenly bumping into him. He immediately seized the man and asked for an apology and the blond face blue eyed man looked at him â€Å"insolently and cursed at [him]† (Ellison 4). So the narrator took that as an invitation for violent behavior, which it was, and pummeled the man within an inch of his life. In the book Ralph Ellison says that when the narrator saw the news report about the â€Å"mugging† he laughed and called the man a poor blind fool (Ellison 5), for he knew that neither he nor the men were ever going to escape the violence and that only he unlike the â€Å"sleepy ones†(Ellison 5) was aware of it. Another example of the narrator’s imprisonment under the lock of key of violence was after giving a beautifully written valedictorian speech he was invited to speak in front of a few distinguished white faced gentle to show his support of â€Å"Negro humility. But the mob of Caucasian aristocrats had other things planned—they were going to, by all means, let him give his speech; just after they were finished parading him around and forcing him to fight a group of other African American young men. An Additional example of the narrator being trapped in an existence plagued by violent episodes is when he brings his charge, Dr. Norton, to a veteranâ⠂¬â„¢s brothel to get some whiskey, instead of glasses of whiskey and neighborly salutations they are met with violence. Dr. Norton is mistaken for â€Å"John D. Rockefeller† (Ellison 81) and beaten unconscious by the insane bar patrons. Throughout the novel the narrator gives his life history by way of stories from his past, each ending in, as Harold Bloom said in his Bloom notes, betrayal and explosive violence . The main protagonist cannot escape the violence of his environment as it is with many naturalistic texts he is trapped by the violence. In naturalistic texts free will is not an option for the characters because they live in a deterministic society that says, in the case of the main protagonist of Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Invisible Man†, you are invisible; you can never be visible because visibility is only achieved through having some social significance. The determinists in a society will do whatever they deem necessary to keep you where they feel you belong. This sad truth is symbolized through the statue in the university yard. The statue is one of a slave kneeling before the founder who is pulling a veil more firmly over the face of the slave. The deterministic society allows you to live just as long as you do not become aware or seek to reach your full potential; turning people, especially African Americans, into sleep walking robots stuck in a state of involuntary hibernation. Ellison [also] suggests through his writing that many people, in particular black men, have been forever altered by their disturbing experiences†(Harlem Renaissance). The forces of deterministic society and how they affect individual lives are vividly depicted throughout the novel. The forces of deterministic society and how they affect individuals’ lives is depicted in the story of Jim True-Blood, an uneducated African American sharecropper w ho attempts to stay and share a bed with his wife and daughter. But as time goes on he begins to participate in the most taboo of taboo behaviors, he begins to â€Å"lay† with oth his wife and daughter. Jim True-Blood impregnates his wife and daughter, but instead of being chained and shackled he is rewarded with food and tobacco. Society is essentially sending a message saying that it is alright to participate in primitive practices like incest when you’re an uneducated black sharecropper, firmly placing the veils over the eyes of all the sleep walkers who are trapped in the deterministic society like all the characters of Naturalistic texts. Shortly after Naturalism there was the rise of Modernism; Modernism is associated with the rise of capitalism and rational thinking. The Modernist movement can be summed up with the philosophical quote, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† meaning I will only believe what I see and what I can prove. In general, Modernism although being a rejection of it really reflects the legacy of Enlightenment thought with its emphasis on the capacity for an individual to act as an â€Å"autonomous being† (Taylor) and essentially questions the universal truth. Modernist styles of writing consist of: fragmentation where the story is not told in linear order and authority figures are usually not trustworthy. Invisible Man† is like a â€Å"jazz performance†(Bloom) in the way it is improvised and fragmented . One scene the story takes place in the narrator’s â€Å"hole† then the reader is taken to a southern plantation or the campus of a historically black university. In accordance with Modernist texts Invisible Man probes and questions the universal truths by depicting authority figures as untrus tworthy. One example of an untrustworthy authority figure is the narrator’s principal. The principal is traditionally a person who motives need not to question. But in the story principal in away punishes the narrator for being articulate and makes him â€Å"dance for his bananas† by forcing him to fight before being allowed to give his speech. The principal’s treachery didn’t stop there after the fight he along with his white colleagues thru money on an electrified carpet and told the unsuspecting participants of the â€Å"battle royal†(Ellison 15) including the narrator to pick up their compensation and laughed in satisfaction as they all screamed in pain and astonishment. Another example of an untrustworthy authority figure is Dr. Bledsoe the president of the university the narrator attends and a paternal figure. After the mishap between the narrator and his white charge, Dr. Norton the narrator is harshly reprimanded by Dr. Bledsoe and is sent to New York to find Work as he serves his semester long suspension. Dr. Bledsoe gives the narrator a sealed letter of introduction. The Narrator having the upmost trust in Dr. Bledsoe shows the letter to many Wall Street interviewers with little success. But little did the narrator know that the sealed letter was the problem. Within the letter Dr. Bledsoe hard stated the narrator had been expelled and was a threat to the school. Like all the Authority figures that he came to trust and look up to Dr. Bledsoe had betrayed the Narrator, a very modernistic theme. As stated before Invisible Man embraces both themes and styles of Modernism and Naturalism. The use of naturalistic styles helps the reader understand that the narrator truly is a product of his environment by depicting his imprisonment in a cycle of violence and his role in a deterministic as well as how it affected his individual life. But as the reader reads on the novels â€Å"burst the bond of naturalistic texts†(Bloom). As the novel evolves so does Ellison’s style begins to become very similar to that of modernist pioneers like Faulkner and Elliot. Ellison uses rapid flow consciousness, and a series of abstract nouns joined together by an overworked conjunction to (Bloom) as he said to reveal the truths of human complexity by probing the stereotypes that conceal theme Work cited Giles, James R. â€Å"naturalism. † In Anderson, George P. , Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds. Encyclopedia of American Literature, Revised Edition: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, Volume 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2008. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= EAmL1255=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Taylor, Karen L. â€Å"modernism. † Facts On File Companion to the French Novel. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2007. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54SID=5iPin= CFN346SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Gaydosik, Victoria. â€Å"postmodernism. † Facts On File Companion to the British Novel: 20th Century, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2006. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= GCBNII438=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Bloom, Harold, ed. â€Å"Invisible Man. † Invisible Man, Bloom’s Guides. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2008. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. ttp://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= BGIM014=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Entzminger, Betina. â€Å"Invisible Man. † In Werlock, Abby H. P. , ed. The Facts On File Companion to the American Novel. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2006. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54SID=5iPin= CANov0470SingleRecord =True (accessed January 12, 2012). Eddy-Sanders, Shauna Lee. â€Å"Invisible Man. † In Samuels, Wilfred D. , ed. Encylopedia of African-American Literature. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2007. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= EAFL200=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc. , 1952. vii-581. Print. frye1970, micheal. â€Å"Naturalism v Modernism . † Dec 16, 2008, 09:09pm . Free Academic Writing Research Help, Online Posting to essayforum. com. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Realism, Naturalism and Modernism. † The Harlem Renaissance. Edublogs, 25 march 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. . How to cite Invisible Man, Essay examples

Common Law and the Statutory Law Provide the Provisions Relating

Question: How To the Common Law and the Statutory Law Provide the Provisions Relating? Answer: Introduction Tort denotes a wrong done by one individual, which causes other person some kind of harm and which attracts civil penalties. Negligence is one of the tort laws in Australia (Statsky, 2011). Negligence also denotes a civil wrong done, but which results from a violation of the duty, of caring the other person, for the work being done by the first person, due to the possibility of harm. It is crucial for the other person to be injured in a substantial manner to make a claim under negligence (Emanuel and Emanuel, 2008). Both the common law and the statutory law provide the provisions relating to negligence. The statutory laws differ on the basis of jurisdiction. For instance, in the State of New South Wales, causation, as an element is covered in the Civil Liability Act, 2002 (Legislation NSW, 2015). For Victoria, the elements of negligence, which have to be present to make a claim for it, are covered in section 18 of the Wrongs Act, 1958 (Legislation Victoria, 2010). Only after showing that all of the requisite elements, as per the common or the statutory law, as applicable, are present, can a claim of negligence be made and damages be applied for. The damages can also be reduced in cases of negligence, when the contributory negligence of the plaintiff can be clearly shown (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). The case of Keiths negligence and Ruths contributory negligence has been summarized below. Negligence When one person owes a duty or an obligation of care towards another person, due to the work being carried on by them, which has a possibility of resulting in other persons injury or loss, and this obligation is violated, it is a case of negligence (Greene, 2013). Negligence can only be claimed upon when six elements can successfully be shown to have been present. These six elements are duty of care, violation of obligation of care, causation, remoteness, foreseeability and lastly, damages (Lambiris and Griffin, 2016). Duty To start a case of negligence, one must show that a duty or an obligation of care was owed towards another. For establishing a duty of care, the threefold test given by the court in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 is often used. In this particular matter, the judges stated that there has to be a presence of three different aspects to show the presence of duty of care. The first requirement is to show that the parties had proximity between them. This has to be followed by establishing that the risk of harm was predictable in a reasonable manner. Lastly, the justness of the penalties imposed has to be established (Lunney and Oliphant, 2013). Another case which is often cited for establishing this element is Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100. D had consumed the product manufactured by S, while she was in a caf. As a result of the dead snail in the bottle, D fell sick and sued S. it was held by the court that due to the reasonable foreseeability of such loss and the proximity between the two parties, a duty of care was present (British and Irish Legal Information Institute, 2017). The given study requires Ruth to show that Keith owed a duty of care to her. To show this, firstly, the three fold test has to be used. In this case study, there was a reasonable foreseeability in loss arising due to using a material other than what was prescribed. The parties had proximity due to being the maker and the consumers. And if penalties are levied on Keith, they would be fair. The case of Donoghue v Stevenson is also helpful in this matter. By being the manufacturer, S owed a duty towards the consumer D. The relationship is similar here. Hence, Keith owed a duty of care towards Ruth. Breach After establishing duty of care, the contravention or the violation of the same has to be depicted. In Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367, the Council was held as negligent due to the lack on their part in making available the requisite safety goggles. This was held as the work undertaken by P was of such nature, which required protective gear and also because he already was blind in one eye, which was known to the Council. And holding this contravention of obligation of care on part of the defendant, P was awarded relief in form of damages (Martin and Lancer, 2013). Another helpful case in this regard is that of Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490. Here, the defendant had been not once, but numerous times been warned about the possibility of a fire occurring as the building in which the haystack was kept was improperly ventilated. The defendant chose to ignore the numerous warnings. So, when the haystack actually caught fire, the defendant was held to have breached his obligation of care owing to non-consideration of the numerous warnings (Commonwealth Legal Information Institute, 2017). In the given scenario, due to the negligence on part of Keith, in using the leftover material, instead of adequate material, showed a breach of duty of care and so, Ruth is eligible for damages as per Paris v Stepney Borough Council. Also, based on Vaughan v Menlove, Keith ignored the usage of adequate material, which would again be considered as a breach of obligation of care on his part. Foreseeability Another factor in making a case of negligence is that the loss has to be foreseeable in a reasonable manner. If a loss or risk of injury cannot be foreseen, a duty of care to not undertake such loss cannot be upheld. One of the cases where due to the absence of loss being foreseeable in nature, was the case of Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078 and here the losses were not awarded (Swarb, 2016). To understand what is foreseeable, a prudent persons view has to be taken, as was stated by the bench in the matter of Wyong Shire Council v. Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 4 (Jade, 2017). In this particular matter, Keith used leftover material even though the proper material had to be used. This causes reasonability in the loss, due to use of something which was not fit for the purpose. Hence, a reasonable person would uphold the foreseeability of loss of this particular case. Remoteness The remoteness of damages refers to the notion that the losses have to be of sizeable nature and if they are viewed as being too remote, a claim of negligence would not be upheld. As a result of the remoteness in the losses, in Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2, the damages were decline by the court of law (H2O, 2016). The damages incurred by Ruth, as per the scenario given in the case study shows that the damages were not too remote and were sizeable in nature. Ruth was in hospital for two months due to her dislocated knee as a result of her fall, and during this period, she was unemployed. So, the damages would be awarded to her, for the loss not being too remote. Causation The next requirement is to establish that there has been a direct causation between the contravention of the duty of care and the losses incurred by the other party (Turner, 2013). In Donoghue v Stevenson, for instance, the failure on part of S in keeping their bottles safe for consumption of his consumers resulted in D falling sick. Hence, there was a direct causation between the contravention of S and the sickness of D. section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW), states that there is a requirement for factual causation to establish negligence (Legislation NSW, 2015). In this present case, the inadequate material, used by Keith, which was drenched in the rain and raised up, caused Ruth being injured gravely. So, the negligence of Keith was the direct cause for the injuries sustained by Keith. Hence, this requirement is also present in the given case study. Damages The breach or contravention of duty of care needs to result in the other party being injured or harmed, for damages to be claimed upon. The but for test given in Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 proves handy for this purpose. If it can be established that the other person would have been injured, even in absence of negligence, then damages are not to be awarded to the injured party (Strong and Williams, 2011). The given study shows that if Keith had used the proper material, i.e., had he used hardwood instead of untreated chipboard, which was weaker than the proper material, the same would not have resulted in breakage of the same and Ruth would not have fallen down. Hence, based on this test, the injury would not have been present save for negligence of Keith. This means that Ruth has to be awarded damages due to Keiths negligence. Negligent Misstatement In this particular case, two claims can be made by Ruth, i.e., negligence and negligent misstatement. When a false statement is made, upon which the other person relies and which causes such other person getting injured, it is a case of negligent misstatement. Reliance is the most crucial aspect for making a case of negligent misstatement, without which a claim of the same would not be upheld as was held in Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 by the judges (Latimer, 2012). Keith had made a false statement in the given advertisement, as per which he was a qualified carpenter. In reality, Keith did not possess the requisite qualifications to be held as a qualified carpenter. Ruth, relying upon this false statement made by Keith, undertook his services. So, based on Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd, a claim can be made by Ruth for the reliance over the negligent misstatement of Keith and can apply for damages. Remedies Any party, who can show the presence of the aforementioned factors can make a claim of negligence and get awarded remedies, for both economic and non economic losses (Latimer, 2012). The purpose of awarding damages, as was established in Addis v Gramophone [1909] AC 488, is to bring back the injured party, where they would be in absence of such contravention (E-Law Resources, 2017). In this instance, Ruth can claim damages for the two months she was in hospital, punitive damages to punish Keith and lastly damages for Keiths negligent misstatement. But she would not be successful in getting damages for 12 months period where she voluntarily chose not to work, as the same was not related to the negligence of Keith. Contributory Negligence The defendants, in cases of negligence, can get the awarded damages to be reduced, in a proportional manner, by showing to the satisfaction of the court that the plaintiff contributed towards the injuries sustained by him (Dongen, 2014). Froom v Butcher [1976] 1 QB 286 was a case where the damages were reduced by 100 as the plaintiff was not wearing seatbelt during the accident, which took place due to the negligence of the defendant (Swarb, 2017). In the present case study, Ruth was carrying so much stuff while she was descending from the stairs that her view was obstructed, as a result of which, she could not see the missing tread. Ultimately, she fell and got injured. Ruths contributory negligence, would allow Keith to get the damages reduced as per Froom v Butcher. Conclusion This analysis allows a conclusion to be drawn that Ruth can successfully sue Keith for his negligence and negligent misstatement and claim damages for loss of employment for two months and for her injuries, but she cannot make a claim for her voluntary giving up of job for 12 months period. Also, her damages would be brought down by the percentage as deemed fit by the court, owing to her contributory negligence. References British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (2017) Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 (26 May 1932). [Online] British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1932/100.html [Accessed on 22/05/17] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. (2017) Vaughan v Menlove. [Online] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1837/424.pdf [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Dongen, E.V. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. E-Law Resources. (2017) Addis v Gramophone [1909] AC 488 House of Lords. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Addis-v-Gramophone.php [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. (2008) Torts. New York: Aspen Publishers. Greene, B. (2013) Course Notes: Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge. H2O. (2016) Wagon Mound (No. 1) -- "The Oil in the Wharf Case". [Online] H2O. Available from: https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/4919 [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Jade. (2016) Wyong Shire Council v Shirt. [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=66842 [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Lambiris, M., and Griffin, L. (2016) First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Legislation NSW. (2015) Civil Liability Act 2002 No 22. [Online] New South Wales Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/2002/22 [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Legislation Victoria. (2010) Wrongs Act 1958. [Online] Victoria State Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/F1F5385B484503F3CA2577C1001B5BE4/$FILE/58-6420a103.pdf [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Lunney, M., and Oliphant, K. (2013) Tort Law: Text and Materials. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martin, J., and Lancer, D. (2013) AQA Law for AS Fifth Edition. 5th ed. Oxon: Hachette UK. Statsky, W.P. (2011) Essentials of Torts. 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Swarb. (2016) Bolton v Stone: HL 10 May 1951. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/bolton-v-stone-hl-10-may-1951/ [Accessed on 22/05/17] Swarb. (2017) Froom v Butcher: CA 21 Jul 1975. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/froom-v-butcher-ca-21-jul-1975/ [Accessed on: 22/05/17] Trindade, F., Cane, P. and Lunney, M. (2007) The law of torts in Australia. 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Turner, C. (2013) Unlocking Torts. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge.